In addition, he underwent advanced physical education as a future mujahid, and as a result, he practiced swordplay, archery, and learned the art of war. However, most of his time was dedicated to mastering hadith and the Quran. Growing up Harun studied history, geography, rhetoric, music, poetry, and economics. 775–786), and his wife al-Khayzuran, (a former slave girl from Yemen) who was a woman of strong personality and who greatly influenced affairs of state in the reigns of her husband and sons. He was the son of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (r. Hārūn was born in Rey, then part of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran Province, Iran. Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. Portions of the fictional One Thousand and One Nights are set in Harun's court and some of its stories involve Harun himself. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria.Ī Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. During his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. Harun established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a world center of knowledge, culture and trade. He ruled from 786 to 809, traditionally regarded to be the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided". His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. Harun al-Rashid ( / h ɑː ˈ r uː n ɑː l r ɑː ˈ ʃ iː d/ Arabic: هَارُون الرَشِيد Hārūn Ar-Rašīd, "Aaron the Just" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided" 17 March 763 or February 766 – 24 March 809 CE / 148–193 AH) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph.
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